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Controllers

Business logic is managed in the domain model layer. As a client (typically a web browser) cannot directly invoke this code, the functionality of a domain object is exposed as resources represented by URIs.

A client uses the uniform API provided by the HTTP protocol to manipulate these resources, and by implication the underlying business logic. However, this mapping of resources to domain objects is not a bijection: the granularity can be expressed at different levels, some resources may be virtual, for some resources aliases may be defined…

This is precisely the role played by the Controller layer: providing a glue between the domain model objects and transport layer events. As the Model layer, controllers are written in pure Java, making it easy to access or modify Model objects. Like the HTTP interface, Controllers are procedural and Request/Response oriented.

The Controller layer reduces the impedance mismatch between HTTP and the Domain Model.

Note

There are different architectural models with different strategies. Some protocols give you direct access to the domain model objects. This is typically what EJB or Corba protocols do. In these cases, the architectural style used is RPC (Remote Procedure Call). These communication styles are hardly compatible with web architecture.

Some technologies like SOAP try to give access to the model object domain through the Web. However, SOAP is just another RPC-style protocol, in this case using HTTP as a transport protocol. It is not an application protocol.

The web’s principles are not fundamentally object-oriented. So a layer is needed to adapt HTTP to your favorite language.

Controller overview

A Controller is a Java class, hosted by the controllers package, and subclassing play.mvc.Controller.

This is a Controller:

package controllers;
 
import models.Client;
import play.mvc.Controller;
 
public class Clients extends Controller {
 
    public static void show(Long id) {
        Client client = Client.findById(id);
        render(client);
    }
 
    public static void delete(Long id) {
        Client client = Client.findById(id);
        client.delete();
    }
 
}

Each public, static method in a Controller is called an action. The signature for an action method is always:

public static void action_name(params...);

You can define parameters in the action method signature. These parameters will be automatically resolved by the framework from the corresponding HTTP parameters.

Usually, an action method doesn’t include a return statement. The method exit is done by the invocation of a result method. In this example, render(…) is a result method that executes and displays a template.

Retrieving HTTP parameters

An HTTP request contains data. This data can be extracted from:

The URI path: in /clients/1541, 1541 is the dynamic part of the URI Pattern.
The Query String: /clients?id=1541.
The request body: if the request was sent from an HTML form, the request body contains the form data encoded as x-www-urlform-encoded.

In all cases, Play extracts this data and builds a Map<String, String[]> which contains all the HTTP parameters. The key is the parameter name. The parameter name is derived from:

The name of the dynamic part of the URI (as specified in the route)
The name portion of a name-value pair taken from the Query String
The contents of a x-www-urlform-encoded body.

Using the params map

The params object is available to any Controller class (it is defined in the play.mvc.Controller super class). This object contains all the HTTP parameters found for the current request.

For example:

public static void show() {
    String id = params.get("id");
    String[] names = params.getAll("names");
}

You can also ask Play to do the type conversion for you:

public static void show() {
    Long id = params.get("id", Long.class);
}

But wait, there are better ways to do this :)

From the action method signature

You can retrieve HTTP parameters directly from the action method signature. The Java parameter’s name must be the same as the HTTP parameter’s.

For example, in this request:

/clients?id=1451

An action method can retrieve the id parameter value by declaring an id parameter in its signature:

public static void show(String id) {
    System.out.println(id); 
}

You can use other Java types than String. In this case the framework will try to cast the parameter value to the correct Java type:

public static void show(Long id) {
    System.out.println(id);  
}

If the parameter is multivalued, you can declare an Array argument:

public static void show(Long[] id) {
    for(String anId : id) {
        System.out.println(anid); 
    }
}

or even a collection type:

public static void show(List<Long> id) {
    for(String anId : id) {
        System.out.println(anid); 
    }
}

Exceptions

If the HTTP parameter corresponding to the action method argument is not found, the corresponding method argument is set to its default value (typically null for objects and 0 for primitive numeric types). If a value is found but can’t be properly cast to the required Java type, an error is added to the validation error collection and the default value is used.

Advanced HTTP to Java binding

Simple types

All the native and common Java types are automatically bound:

int, long, boolean, char, byte, float, double, Integer, Long, Boolean, Char, String, Byte, Float, Double.

Note that if the parameter is missing in the HTTP Request, or if automatic conversion fails, Object types will be set to null and native types will be set to their default values.

Date

A date object can be automatically bound if the date’s string representation matches one of the following patterns:

yyyy-MM-dd’T’hh:mm:ss’Z' // ISO8601 + timezone
yyyy-MM-dd’T’hh:mm:ss" // ISO8601
yyyy-MM-dd
yyyyMMdd’T’hhmmss
yyyyMMddhhmmss
dd'/‘MM’/'yyyy
dd-MM-yyyy
ddMMyyyy
MMddyy
MM-dd-yy
MM'/‘dd’/'yy

Using the @As annotation, you can specify the date format.

For example:

archives?from=21/12/1980

public static void articlesSince(@As("dd/MM/yyyy") Date from) {
    List<Article> articles = Article.findBy("date >= ?", from);
    render(articles);
}

You can of course refine the date format according to the language. For example:

public static void articlesSince(@As(lang={"fr,de","*"}, value={"dd-MM-yyyy","MM-dd-yyyy"}) Date from) {
    List<Article> articles = Article.findBy("date >= ?", from);
    render(articles);
}

In this example, we specified that for the French and German languages the date format is dd-MM-yyyy and for all the other languages it’s MM-dd-yyyy. Please note that the lang value can be comma separated. The important thing is that the number of parameters for lang matches the number of parameters for value.

If no @As annotation is specified, then Play! uses the default date format according to your locale.
To set the default date format to use, edit your application.conf and set the following property:

date.format=yyy-MM-dd
    date.format.fr=dd/MM/yyyy

Please note that the language fr in the application.conf must be enabled as well:

application.langs=fr

This property also affects how the dates are rendered in the templates using ${date.format()}.

Calendar

The calendar binding works exactly as with the date, except that Play is choosing the Calendar object according to your locale. The @Bind annotation can also be used.

Files

File upload is easy with Play. Use a multipart/form-data encoded request to post files to the server, and then use the java.io.File type to retrieve the file object:

public static void create(String comment, File attachment) {
    String s3Key = S3.post(attachment);
    Document doc = new Document(comment, s3Key);
    doc.save();
    show(doc.id);
}

The created file has the same name as the original file. It’s stored in a temporary directory and deleted at the end of the request. So you have to copy it in a safe directory or it will be lost.

Arrays or collections of supported types

All supported types can be retrieved as an Array or a collection of objects:

public static void show(Long[] id) {
    ...
}

or:

public static void show(List<Long> id) {
    ...
}

or:

public static void show(Set<Long> id) {
    ...
}

Play also handles the special case of binding a Map<String, String> like this:

public static void show(Map<String, String> client) {
    ...
}

A query string like the following:

?user.name=John&user.phone=111-1111&user.phone=222-2222

Would bind the client variable to a map with two elements. The first element with key “name” and value “John”, and the second with key “phone” and value "111-1111, 222-2222"

POJO object binding

Play also automatically binds any of your model classes using the same simple naming convention rules.

public static void create(Client client ) {
    client.save();
    show(client);
}

A query string to create a client using this action would look like:

?client.name=Zenexity&[email protected]

Play creates a Client instance and resolves HTTP parameter names to properties on the Client object. Unresolved parameters are safely ignored. Type mismatches are also safely ignored.

Parameter binding is done recursively, which means you can address complete object graphs:

?client.name=Zenexity
&client.address.street=64+rue+taitbout
&client.address.zip=75009
&client.address.country=France

In order to update a list of model objects, use array notation and reference the object’s ID. For example imagine the Client model has a list of Customer models declared as List Customer customers. To update the list of Customers you would provide a query string like the following:

?client.customers[0].id=123
&client.customers[1].id=456
&client.customers[2].id=789

JPA object binding

You can automatically bind a JPA object using the HTTP to Java binding.

You can provide the user.id field yourself in the HTTP parameters. When Play finds the id field, it loads the matching instance from the database before editing it. The other parameters provided by the HTTP request are then applied. So you can save it directly.

public static void save(User user) {
    user.save(); // ok with 1.0.1
}

You can use JPA binding to modify complete object graphs in the same way as POJO mapping works, but you have to supply the ID for each sub object you intend to modify:

user.id = 1
&user.name=morten
&user.address.id=34
&user.address.street=MyStreet

Custom binding

The binding system now supports more customization.

@play.data.binding.As

The first thing is the new @play.data.binding.As annotation that makes it possible to contextually configure a binding. You can use it for example to specify the date format that must be used by the DateBinder:

public static void update(@As("dd/MM/yyyy") Date updatedAt) {
	...
}

The @As annotation also has internationalisation support, which means that you can provide a specific annotation for each locale:

public static void update(
		@As(
			lang={"fr,de","en","*"},
			value={"dd/MM/yyyy","dd-MM-yyyy","MM-dd-yy"}
		)
		Date updatedAt
	) {
	...
}

The @As annotation can work with all binders that support it, including your own binder. For example, using the ListBinder:

public static void update(@As(",") List<String> items) {
	...
}

This binds a simple comma separated String as a List.

@play.data.binding.NoBinding

The new @play.data.binding.NoBinding annotation allows yous to mark non-bindable fields, resolving potential security issues. For example:

public class User extends Model {
	@NoBinding("profile") public boolean isAdmin;
	@As("dd, MM yyyy") Date birthDate;
	public String name;
}
 
public static void editProfile(@As("profile") User user) {
	...
}

In this case, the isAdmin field will never be bound from the editProfile action, even if an malicious user includes a user.isAdmin=true field in a fake form post.

play.data.binding.TypeBinder

The @As annotation also allows you to define a completely custom binder. A custom binder is subclass of TypeBinder that you define in your project. For example:

public class MyCustomStringBinder implements TypeBinder<String> {
 
    public Object bind(String name, Annotation[] anns, String value, Class clazz) {
        return "!!" + value + "!!";
    }
}

You can use it in any action, like:

public static void anyAction(@As(binder=MyCustomStringBinder.class) String name) {
	...
}

@play.data.binding.Global

Alternatively, you can define a global custom binder that will apply for the corresponding type. For example, you define a binder for the java.awt.Point class like this:

@Global
public class PointBinder implements TypeBinder<Point> {
 
    public Object bind(String name, Annotation[] anns, String value, Class class) {
		String[] values = value.split(",");
		return new Point(
			Integer.parseInt(values[0]),
			Integer.parseInt(values[1])
		);
    }
}

As you see a global binder is a classical binder annotated with @play.data.binding.Global. An external module can contribute binders to a project, which makes it possible to define reusable binder extensions.

Result types

An action method has to generate an HTTP response. The easiest way to do this is to emit a Result object. When a Result object is emitted, the normal execution flow is interrupted and the method returns.

For example:

public static void show(Long id) {
    Client client = Client.findById(id);
    render(client);
    System.out.println("This message will never be displayed !");
}

The render(…) method emits a Result object and stops further method execution.

Return some textual content

The renderText(…) method emits a simple Result event which writes some text directly to the underlying HTTP Response.

Example:

public static void countUnreadMessages() {
    Integer unreadMessages = MessagesBox.countUnreadMessages();
    renderText(unreadMessages);
}

You can format the text message using the Java standard formatting syntax:

public static void countUnreadMessages() {
    Integer unreadMessages = MessagesBox.countUnreadMessages();
    renderText("There are %s unread messages", unreadMessages);
}

Execute a template

If the generated content is complex, you should use a template to generate the response content.

public class Clients extends Controller {
 
    public static void index() {
        render();    
    }
 
}

A template name is automatically deduced from the Play conventions. The default template path is resolved using the Controller and action names.

In this example the invoked template is:

app/views/Clients/index.html

Add data to the template scope

Often the template needs data. You can add these data to the template scope using the renderArgs object:

public class Clients extends Controller {
 
    public static void show(Long id) {
        Client client = Client.findById(id);
        renderArgs.put("client", client);
        render();    
    }
 
}

During template execution, the client variable will be defined.

For example:

<h1>Client ${client.name}</h1>

A simpler way to add data to the template scope

You can pass data directly to the template using render(…) method arguments:

public static void show(Long id) {
    Client client = Client.findById(id);
    render(client);    
}

In this case, the variables accessible by the template have the same name as the local Java variables.

You can pass more than one variable:

public static void show(Long id) {
    Client client = Client.findById(id);
    render(id, client);    
}

Important!

You can only pass local variables in this way.

Specify another template

If you don’t want to use the default template, you can specify your own template file using the renderTemplate(…) method, by passing the template name as the first parameter:

Example:

public static void show(Long id) {
    Client client = Client.findById(id);
    renderTemplate("Clients/showClient.html", id, client);    
}

Redirect to another URL

The redirect(…) method emits a Redirect event that in turn generates an HTTP Redirect response.

public static void index() {
    redirect("http://www.zenexity.fr");
}

Action chaining

There is no equivalent to the Servlet API forward. An HTTP request can only invoke one action. If you need to invoke another action, you have to redirect the browser to the URL able to invoke that action. In this way, the browser URL is always consistent with the executed action, and the Back/Forward/Refresh management is much easier.

You can send a Redirect response to any action, simply by invoking the action method in a Java way. The Java call is intercepted by the framework and the correct HTTP Redirect is generated.

For example:

public class Clients extends Controller {
 
    public static void show(Long id) {
        Client client = Client.findById(id);
        render(client);
    }
 
    public static void create(String name) {
        Client client = new Client(name);
        client.save();
        show(client.id);
    }
 
}

With these routes:

GET    /clients/{id}            Clients.show
POST   /clients                 Clients.create

The browser sends a POST to the /clients URL.
The Router invokes the Clients controller’s create action.
The action method calls the show action method directly.
The Java call is intercepted and the Router reverse route generation creates the URL needed to invoke Clients.show with an id parameter.
The HTTP Response is 302 Location:/clients/3132.
The browser then issues GET /clients/3132.
…

Interceptions

A controller can define interception methods. Interceptors are invoked for all actions of the controller class and its descendants. It’s a useful way to define treatments that are common to all actions: verifying that a user is authenticated, loading request-scope information…

These methods have to be static but not public. You have to annotate these methods with a valid interception marker.

@Before

Methods annotated with the @Before annotation are executed before each action call for this Controller.

So, to create a security check:

public class Admin extends Application {
 
    @Before
    static void checkAuthentification() {
        if(session.get("user") == null) login();
    }
 
    public static void index() {
        List<User> users = User.findAll();
        render(users);
    }
 
    ...
 
}

If you don’t want the @Before method to intercept all action calls, you can specify a list of actions to exclude:

public class Admin extends Application {
 
    @Before(unless="login")
    static void checkAuthentification() {
        if(session.get("user") == null) login();
    }
 
    public static void index() {
        List<User> users = User.findAll();
        render(users);
    }
 
    ...
 
}

Or if you want the @Before method to intercept a list of action calls, you can specify a only param :

public class Admin extends Application {
 
    @Before(only={"login","logout"})
    static void doSomething() {  
		...  
	}
	
   	...
}

The unless and only parameters are available for the @After, @Before and @Finally annotations.

@After

Methods annotated with the @After annotation are executed after each action call for this Controller.

public class Admin extends Application {
 
    @After
    static void log() {
        Logger.info("Action executed ...");
    }
 
    public static void index() {
        List<User> users = User.findAll();
        render(users);
    }
 
    ...
 
}

@Catch

Methods annotated with @Catch are called if another action method throws the specified exception. The thrown exception is passed as a parameter to the @Catch method.

public class Admin extends Application {
	
    @Catch(IllegalStateException.class)
    public static void logIllegalState(Throwable throwable) {
        Logger.error("Illegal state %s…", throwable);
    }
    
    public static void index() {
        List<User> users = User.findAll();
        if (users.size() == 0) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Invalid database - 0 users");
        }
        render(users);
    }
}

As with normal Java exception handling, you can catch a super-class to catch more exception types. If you have more than one catch method, you can specify their priority so that they are executed in order of priority (priority 1 is executed first).

public class Admin extends Application {
 
    @Catch(value = Throwable.class, priority = 1)
    public static void logThrowable(Throwable throwable) {
        // Custom error logging…
        Logger.error("EXCEPTION %s", throwable);
    }
 
    @Catch(value = IllegalStateException.class, priority = 2)
    public static void logIllegalState(Throwable throwable) {
        Logger.error("Illegal state %s…", throwable);
    }
 
    public static void index() {
        List<User> users = User.findAll();
        if(users.size() == 0) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Invalid database - 0 users");
        }
        render(users);
    }
}

@Finally

Methods annotated with the @Finally annotation are always executed after each action call to this Controller.
@Finally-methods are called both after successful action calls and if an error occurred.

public class Admin extends Application {
 
    @Finally
    static void log() {
        Logger.info("Response contains : " + response.out);
    }
 
    public static void index() {
        List<User> users = User.findAll();
        render(users);
    }
 
    ...
 
}

If the method annotated with @Finally takes one argument of type Throwable, The Exception will be passed in if available:

public class Admin extends Application {
 
    @Finally
    static void log(Throwable e) {
		if( e == null ){
			Logger.info("action call was successful");
		}else{
			Logger.info("action call failed", e);
		}
    }
 
    public static void index() {
        List<User> users = User.findAll();
        render(users);
    }
 
    ...
 
}

Controller hierarchy

If a Controller class is a subclass of another Controller class, interceptions are applied to the full Controller hierarchy.

Adding more interceptors using the @With annotation

Because Java does not allow multiple inheritance, it can be very limiting to rely on the Controller hierarchy to apply interceptors. But you can define some interceptors in a totally different class, and link them with any controller using the @With annotation.

Example:

public class Secure extends Controller {
    
    @Before
    static void checkAuthenticated() {
        if(!session.containsKey("user")) {
            unAuthorized();
        }
    }
}

And on another Controller:

@With(Secure.class)
public class Admin extends Application {
    
    ...
     
}

Session and Flash scopes

If you have to keep data across multiple HTTP Requests, you can save them in the Session or the Flash scope. Data stored in the Session are available during the whole user session, and data stored in the flash scope are available to the next request only.

It’s important to understand that Session and Flash data are not stored in the server but are added to each subsequent HTTP Request, using the Cookie mechanism. So the data size is very limited (up to 4 KB) and you can only store String values.

Of course, cookies are signed with a secret key so the client can’t modify the cookie data (or it will be invalidated). The Play session is not aimed to be used as a cache. If you need to cache some data related to a specific session, you can use the Play built-in cache mechanism and use the session.getId() key to keep them related to a specific user session.

Example:

public static void index() {
    List messages = Cache.get(session.getId() + "-messages", List.class);
    if(messages == null) {
        // Cache miss
        messages = Message.findByUser(session.get("user"));
        Cache.set(session.getId() + "-messages", messages, "30mn");
    }
    render(messages);
}

The session expires when you close your web browser, unless the application.session.maxAge configuration property is set. For example:

application.session.maxAge=7d  # Remember for one week.

The cache has different semantics than the classic Servlet HTTP session object. You can’t assume that these objects will be always in the cache. So it forces you to handle the cache miss cases, and keeps your application fully stateless.

Continuing the discussion

The next important layer of the MVC model is the View layer, for which Play provides an efficient templating system with its Template engine.