§WebSockets
WebSockets are sockets that can be used from a web browser based on a protocol that allows two way full duplex communication. The client can send messages and the server can receive messages at any time, as long as there is an active WebSocket connection between the server and the client.
Modern HTML5 compliant web browsers natively support WebSockets via a JavaScript WebSocket API. However WebSockets are not limited in just being used by WebBrowsers, there are many WebSocket client libraries available, allowing for example servers to talk to each other, and also native mobile apps to use WebSockets. Using WebSockets in these contexts has the advantage of being able to reuse the existing TCP port that a Play server uses.
Tip: Check caniuse.com to see more about which browsers supports WebSockets, known issues and more information.
§Handling WebSockets
Until now, we were using Action instances to handle standard HTTP requests and send back standard HTTP responses. WebSockets are a totally different beast and can’t be handled via standard Action.
Play’s WebSocket handling mechanism is built around Pekko streams. A WebSocket is modelled as a Flow, incoming WebSocket messages are fed into the flow, and messages produced by the flow are sent out to the client.
Note that while conceptually, a flow is often viewed as something that receives messages, does some processing to them, and then produces the processed messages - there is no reason why this has to be the case, the input of the flow may be completely disconnected from the output of the flow. Pekko streams provides a constructor, Flow.fromSinkAndSource, exactly for this purpose, and often when handling WebSockets, the input and output will not be connected at all.
Play provides some factory methods for constructing WebSockets in WebSocket.
§Handling WebSockets with actors
To handle a WebSocket with an actor, we can use a Play utility, ActorFlow to convert an ActorRef to a flow. This utility takes a function that converts the ActorRef to send messages to a pekko.actor.Props object that describes the actor that Play should create when it receives the WebSocket connection:
import play.libs.streams.ActorFlow;
import play.mvc.*;
import org.apache.pekko.actor.*;
import org.apache.pekko.stream.*;
import javax.inject.Inject;
public class HomeController extends Controller {
private final ActorSystem actorSystem;
private final Materializer materializer;
@Inject
public HomeController(ActorSystem actorSystem, Materializer materializer) {
this.actorSystem = actorSystem;
this.materializer = materializer;
}
public WebSocket socket() {
return WebSocket.Text.accept(
request -> ActorFlow.actorRef(MyWebSocketActor::props, actorSystem, materializer));
}
}The actor that we’re sending to here in this case looks like this:
import org.apache.pekko.actor.*;
public class MyWebSocketActor extends AbstractActor {
public static Props props(ActorRef out) {
return Props.create(MyWebSocketActor.class, out);
}
private final ActorRef out;
public MyWebSocketActor(ActorRef out) {
this.out = out;
}
@Override
public Receive createReceive() {
return receiveBuilder()
.match(String.class, message -> out.tell("I received your message: " + message, self()))
.build();
}
}Any messages received from the client will be sent to the actor, and any messages sent to the actor supplied by Play will be sent to the client. The actor above simply sends every message received from the client back with I received your message: prepended to it.
§Detecting when a WebSocket has closed
When the WebSocket has closed, Play will automatically stop the actor. This means you can handle this situation by implementing the actors postStop method, to clean up any resources the WebSocket might have consumed. For example:
public void postStop() throws Exception {
someResource.close();
}§Closing a WebSocket
Play will automatically close the WebSocket when your actor that handles the WebSocket terminates. So, to close the WebSocket, send a PoisonPill to your own actor:
self().tell(PoisonPill.getInstance(), self());§Rejecting a WebSocket
Sometimes you may wish to reject a WebSocket request, for example, if the user must be authenticated to connect to the WebSocket, or if the WebSocket is associated with some resource, whose id is passed in the path, but no resource with that id exists. Play provides a acceptOrResult WebSocket builder for this purpose:
public WebSocket socket() {
return WebSocket.Text.acceptOrResult(
request ->
CompletableFuture.completedFuture(
request
.session()
.get("user")
.map(
user ->
F.Either.<Result, Flow<String, String, ?>>Right(
ActorFlow.actorRef(
MyWebSocketActor::props, actorSystem, materializer)))
.orElseGet(() -> F.Either.Left(forbidden()))));
}Note: the WebSocket protocol does not implement Same Origin Policy, and so does not protect against Cross-Site WebSocket Hijacking. To secure a websocket against hijacking, the
Originheader in the request must be checked against the server’s origin, and manual authentication (including CSRF tokens) should be implemented. If a WebSocket request does not pass the security checks, thenacceptOrResultshould reject the request by returning a Forbidden result.
§Accepting a WebSocket asynchronously
You may need to do some asynchronous processing before you are ready to create an actor or reject the WebSocket, if that’s the case, you can simply return CompletionStage<WebSocket> instead of WebSocket.
§Handling different types of messages
So far we have only seen handling String frames, using the Text builder. Play also has built in handlers for ByteString frames using the Binary builder, and JSONNode messages parsed from String frames using the Json builder. Here’s an example of using the Json builder:
public WebSocket socket() {
return WebSocket.Json.accept(
request -> ActorFlow.actorRef(MyWebSocketActor::props, actorSystem, materializer));
}Play also provides built in support for translating JSONNode messages to and from a higher level object. If you had a class, InEvent, representing input events, and another class, OutEvent, representing output events, you could use it like this:
public WebSocket socket() {
return WebSocket.json(InEvent.class)
.accept(
request -> ActorFlow.actorRef(MyWebSocketActor::props, actorSystem, materializer));
}§Handling WebSockets using Pekko streams directly
Actors are not always the right abstraction for handling WebSockets, particularly if the WebSocket behaves more like a stream.
Instead, you can use Pekko streams directly to handle WebSockets. To use Pekko streams, first import the Pekko streams javadsl:
import org.apache.pekko.stream.javadsl.*;Now you can use it like so.
public WebSocket socket() {
return WebSocket.Text.accept(
request -> {
// Log events to the console
Sink<String, ?> in = Sink.foreach(System.out::println);
// Send a single 'Hello!' message and then leave the socket open
Source<String, ?> out = Source.single("Hello!").concat(Source.maybe());
return Flow.fromSinkAndSource(in, out);
});
}A WebSocket has access to the request headers (from the HTTP request that initiates the WebSocket connection), allowing you to retrieve standard headers and session data. However, it doesn’t have access to a request body, nor to the HTTP response.
It this example we are creating a simple sink that prints each message to console. To send messages, we create a simple source that will send a single Hello! message. We also need to concatenate a source that will never send anything, otherwise our single source will terminate the flow, and thus the connection.
Tip: You can test WebSockets on https://www.websocket.org/echo.html. Just set the location to
ws://localhost:9000.
Let’s write another example that discards the input data and closes the socket just after sending the Hello! message:
public WebSocket socket() {
return WebSocket.Text.accept(
request -> {
// Just ignore the input
Sink<String, ?> in = Sink.ignore();
// Send a single 'Hello!' message and close
Source<String, ?> out = Source.single("Hello!");
return Flow.fromSinkAndSource(in, out);
});
}Here is another example in which the input data is logged to standard out and then sent back to the client using a mapped flow:
public WebSocket socket() {
return WebSocket.Text.accept(
request -> {
// log the message to stdout and send response back to client
return Flow.<String>create()
.map(
msg -> {
System.out.println(msg);
return "I received your message: " + msg;
});
});
}§Accessing a WebSocket
To send data or access a websocket you need to add a route for your websocket in your routes file. For Example
GET /ws controllers.Application.socket
§Configuring WebSocket Frame Length
You can configure the max length for WebSocket data frames using play.server.websocket.frame.maxLength or passing -Dwebsocket.frame.maxLength system property when running your application. For example:
sbt -Dwebsocket.frame.maxLength=64k run
This configuration gives you more control of WebSocket frame length and can be adjusted to your application requirements. It may also reduce denial of service attacks using long data frames.
§Configuring keep-alive Frames
First of all, if a client sends a ping Frame to the Play backend server, it automatically answers with a pong frame. This is a requirement according to RFC 6455 Section 5.5.2, therefore this is hardcoded within Play, you don’t need to set up or configure anything.
Related to that, be aware, that when using web browsers as clients, that they do not send periodically ping frames nor do they support JavaScript APIs to do so (Only Firefox has a network.websocket.timeout.ping.request config that can be manually set in about:config, but that does not really help).
By default, the Play backend server will not send periodically ping frames to the client. That means, if neither the server nor the client send periodically pings or pongs, an idle WebSocket connection will be closed by Play after play.server.http[s].idleTimeout has been reached.
To avoid that, you can make the Play backend server ping the client after an idle timeout (within the server did not hear anything from the client) has been reached:
play.server.websocket.periodic-keep-alive-max-idle = 10 seconds
Play will then send an empty ping frame to the client. Usually that means that an active client will answer with a pong frame that you can handle in your application if desired.
Instead of using bi-directional ping/pong keep-alive heartbeating by sending a ping frame, you can make Play send an empty pong frame for uni-directional pong keep-alive heartbeating, which means the client is not supposed to answer:
play.server.websocket.periodic-keep-alive-mode = "pong"
Note: Be aware that these configs are not picked up in dev mode (when using
sbt run) if you solely set them in yourapplication.conf. Because these are backend server configs you have to set them viaPlayKeys.devSettingsin yourbuild.sbtto make them work in dev mode. More details why and how can be found here.
For development, to test these keep-alive frames, we recommend using Wireshark for monitoring (e.g. using a display filter like (http or websocket)) and websocat to send frames to the server, e.g. with:
# Add --ping-interval 5 if you want to ping the server every 5 seconds
websocat -vv --close-status-code 1000 --close-reason "bye bye" ws://127.0.0.1:9000/websocket
If clients send close status codes other than the default 1000 to your Play app, make sure they use the ones that are defined and valid according to RFC 6455 Section 7.4.1 to avoid any problems. For example web browsers usually throw exceptions when trying to use such status codes and some server implementations (e.g. Netty) fail with exceptions if they receive them (and close the connection).
Note: The pekko-http specific configs
pekko.http.server.websocket.periodic-keep-alive-max-idleandpekko.http.server.websocket.periodic-keep-alive-modedo not affect Play. To be backend server agnostic, Play uses its own low-level WebSocket implementation and therefore handles frames itself.
§WebSockets and Action composition
Consider the following controller example that utilizes action composition:
@Security.Authenticated
public class HomeController extends Controller {
@Restrict({ @Group({"admin"}) })
public WebSocket socket() {
return WebSocket.Text.acceptOrResult(request -> /* ... */);
}
}
By default, action composition is not applied when handling WebSockets, such as the socket() method shown above. Consequently, annotations like @Security.Authenticated and @Restrict (from the Deadbolt 2 library) have no effect, and they are never executed.
Starting from Play 2.9, you can enable the configuration option play.http.actionComposition.includeWebSocketActions by setting it to true. This inclusion of WebSocket action methods in action composition ensures that actions annotated with @Security.Authenticated and @Restrict are now executed as someone might expect. The advantage with this approach is that you might not need to duplicate authentication or authorization code in the acceptOrResult method that is already implemented in the annotation action methods.