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5. Asynchronous HTTP programming

§Streaming HTTP responses

§Standard responses and Content-Length header

Since HTTP 1.1, to keep a single connection open to serve several HTTP requests and responses, the server must send the appropriate Content-Length HTTP header along with the response.

By default, you are not specifying a Content-Length header when you send back a simple result, such as:

public Result index() {
  return ok("Hello World");
}

Of course, because the content you are sending is well-known, Play is able to compute the content size for you and to generate the appropriate header.

Note: for text-based content it is not as simple as it looks, since the Content-Length header must be computed according the character encoding used to translate characters to bytes.

Actually, we previously saw that the response body is specified using a play.http.HttpEntity:

public Result index() {
  return new Result(
      new ResponseHeader(200, Collections.emptyMap()),
      new HttpEntity.Strict(ByteString.fromString("Hello World"), Optional.of("text/plain")));
}

This means that to compute the Content-Length header properly, Play must consume the whole content and load it into memory.

§Sending large amounts of data

If it’s not a problem to load the whole content into memory, what about large data sets? Let’s say we want to return a large file to the web client.

Let’s first see how to create an Source[ByteString, _] for the file content:

java.io.File file = new java.io.File("/tmp/fileToServe.pdf");
java.nio.file.Path path = file.toPath();
Source<ByteString, ?> source = FileIO.fromPath(path);

Now it looks simple right? Let’s just use this streamed HttpEntity to specify the response body:

public Result index() {
  java.io.File file = new java.io.File("/tmp/fileToServe.pdf");
  java.nio.file.Path path = file.toPath();
  Source<ByteString, ?> source = FileIO.fromPath(path);

  return new Result(
      new ResponseHeader(200, Collections.emptyMap()),
      new HttpEntity.Streamed(source, Optional.empty(), Optional.of("text/plain")));
}

Actually we have a problem here. As we don’t specify the Content-Length in streamed entity, Play will have to compute it itself, and the only way to do this is to consume the whole source content and load it into memory, and then compute the response size.

That’s a problem for large files that we don’t want to load completely into memory. So to avoid that, we just have to specify the Content-Length header ourselves.

public Result index() {
  java.io.File file = new java.io.File("/tmp/fileToServe.pdf");
  java.nio.file.Path path = file.toPath();
  Source<ByteString, ?> source = FileIO.fromPath(path);

  Optional<Long> contentLength = null;
  try {
    contentLength = Optional.of(Files.size(path));
  } catch (IOException ioe) {
    throw new RuntimeException(ioe);
  }

  return new Result(
      new ResponseHeader(200, Collections.emptyMap()),
      new HttpEntity.Streamed(source, contentLength, Optional.of("text/plain")));
}

This way Play will consume the body source in a lazy way, copying each chunk of data to the HTTP response as soon as it is available.

§Serving files

Of course, Play provides easy-to-use helpers for common task of serving a local file:

public Result index() {
  return ok(new java.io.File("/tmp/fileToServe.pdf"));
}

This helper will also compute the Content-Type header from the file name, and add the Content-Disposition header to specify how the web browser should handle this response. The default is to show this file inline by adding the header Content-Disposition: inline; filename=fileToServe.pdf to the HTTP response.

You can also provide your own file name:

public Result index() {
  return ok(new java.io.File("/tmp/fileToServe.pdf"), Optional.of("fileToServe.pdf"));
}

Note: If the computed header ends up being exactly Content-Disposition: inline (when passing null as file name), it wont be send by Play, because, according to RFC 6266 Section 4.2, rendering content inline is the default anyway.

If you want to serve this file attachment:

public Result index() {
  return ok(new java.io.File("/tmp/fileToServe.pdf"), /*inline = */ false);
}

Now you don’t have to specify a file name since the web browser will not try to download it, but will just display the file content in the web browser window. This is useful for content types supported natively by the web browser, such as text, HTML or images.

§Chunked responses

For now, this works well with streaming file content, since we are able to compute the content length before streaming it. But what about dynamically-computed content with no content size available?

For this kind of response we have to use Chunked transfer encoding.

Chunked transfer encoding is a data transfer mechanism in version HTTP 1.1 in which a web server serves content in a series of chunks. This uses the Transfer-Encoding HTTP response header instead of the Content-Length header, which the protocol would otherwise require. Because the Content-Length header is not used, the server does not need to know the length of the content before it starts transmitting a response to the client (usually a web browser). Web servers can begin transmitting responses with dynamically-generated content before knowing the total size of that content.

The size of each chunk is sent right before the chunk itself so that a client can tell when it has finished receiving data for that chunk. The data transfer is terminated by a final chunk of length zero.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunked_transfer_encoding

The advantage is that we can serve data live, meaning that we send chunks of data as soon as they are available. The drawback is that since the web browser doesn’t know the content size, it is not able to display a proper download progress bar.

Let’s say that we have a service somewhere that provides a dynamic InputStream that computes some data. We can ask Play to stream this content directly using a chunked response:

public Result index() {
  InputStream is = getDynamicStreamSomewhere();
  return ok(is);
}

You can also set up your own chunked response builder:

public Result index() {
  // Prepare a chunked text stream
  Source<ByteString, ?> source =
      Source.<ByteString>actorRef(256, OverflowStrategy.dropNew())
          .mapMaterializedValue(
              sourceActor -> {
                sourceActor.tell(ByteString.fromString("kiki"), null);
                sourceActor.tell(ByteString.fromString("foo"), null);
                sourceActor.tell(ByteString.fromString("bar"), null);
                sourceActor.tell(new Status.Success(NotUsed.getInstance()), null);
                return NotUsed.getInstance();
              });
  // Serves this stream with 200 OK
  return ok().chunked(source);
}

The method Source.actorRef creates an Akka Streams Source that materializes to an ActorRef. You can then publish elements to the stream by sending messages to the actor. An alternative approach is to create an actor that extends ActorPublisher and use the Stream.actorPublisher method to create it.

We can inspect the HTTP response sent by the server:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

4
kiki
3
foo
3
bar
0

We get three chunks and one final empty chunk that closes the response.

For more information on using Akka Streams, you can reference the Akka Streams documentation.

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